GENERAL HEALTH

Focal intestinal metaplasia without H. pylori: clinical significance and diagnostic implications

Focal intestinal metaplasia represents a significant pathological transformation occurring in gastric epithelium, characterised by the replacement of normal gastric mucosa with intestinal-type epithelium. While Helicobacter pylori infection remains the predominant aetiological factor in most cases, a substantial subset of patients…

What low ALT levels mean

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serves as one of the most frequently measured biomarkers in clinical practice, primarily recognised for its role in detecting liver injury when elevated. However, the clinical significance of abnormally low ALT concentrations often receives less attention despite…

Can sperm travel through clothing?

Sexual health concerns often involve questions about pregnancy risk in various scenarios, with one of the most frequently asked being whether sperm can penetrate fabric barriers. This topic generates considerable anxiety among sexually active individuals, particularly those engaging in intimate…

Can adderall cause depression?

The relationship between Adderall and depression represents one of the most complex pharmacological paradoxes in modern psychiatry. While this widely prescribed stimulant medication effectively treats attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy in millions of patients, emerging clinical evidence suggests…

Is yaz effective for PMDD?

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) affects approximately 3-8% of women of reproductive age, causing severe emotional, behavioural, and physical symptoms during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Unlike typical premenstrual syndrome (PMS), PMDD significantly impairs daily functioning, relationships, and work…

Why a 10-year-old may poop on the floor intentionally

When a 10-year-old child deliberately soils themselves or deposits faeces in inappropriate locations, parents often feel bewildered, frustrated, and concerned. This behaviour, known medically as encopresis or functional faecal incontinence, affects approximately 1.5% of school-aged children, with boys experiencing it…

Tremors and twitching in hypothyroidism

The relationship between thyroid function and neuromuscular symptoms represents one of the most intriguing aspects of endocrinology. Patients with hypothyroidism frequently experience a constellation of movement disorders that can significantly impact their quality of life. These manifestations, ranging from subtle…

Can you drink alcohol while on accutane?

The interaction between isotretinoin (commonly known as Accutane) and alcohol represents one of the most frequently questioned aspects of dermatological treatment protocols. As a potent retinoid medication prescribed for severe acne, isotretinoin undergoes complex metabolic processes within the liver, creating…

Aspirin mask for pimples: does it work?

The battle against acne has driven countless individuals to explore unconventional treatments, with aspirin face masks emerging as one of the most discussed DIY remedies in recent years. This household pain reliever contains acetylsalicylic acid, which shares structural similarities with…

What the 23 kda IgM band indicates

The 23 kDa IgM band represents a crucial molecular fragment in Western blot analysis, serving as a diagnostic marker that bridges immunology and clinical pathology. This specific protein band, observed at approximately 23 kilodaltons on polyacrylamide gels, provides essential insights…